分子生物学SectionD分析.ppt

D1Prokaryotic chromosome(原核染色体) D1-1 E. coli 染色体 1. 单一闭环 DNA分子, 4.6 X 106bp 2. 拟核区域 ；DNA 浓度(up to 30-50 mg/ml) ；DNA结合蛋白质(聚合酶等）. 3. DNA持续复制 (no cell cycle) 细菌染色体 Bacterial chromosome D1-2 DNA 结构域 50-100 环或结构域 50-100 kb/loop 膜蛋白复合体结合固定 D1-4 DNA结合蛋白 HU，碱性双体蛋白 H-NS（类组蛋白）：中性单体蛋白 压缩DNA 稳定和限制DNA超螺旋 RNA聚合酶等：位点专一 有助于DNA结构域的组构 D2. Chromatin Structure(染色质结构) D2-1. 染色质（Chromatin ) Solving the packing problem: 一个染色体的DNA长度达几厘米，所有DNA分子必须被包装在核内. DNA高度浓缩 D2-3 Nucleosomes (核小体) 核小体核心 染色小体 “Beads on a string”structure 30 nm fiber ?Higher ordered ?Left-handed helix ?Six nucloesomes per turn D3 Eukaryotic chromosome(真核染色体) D3-1 Mitotic chromosome(有丝分裂期的染色体) more condensed than chromatin, and most highly condensed at mitosis The centromere (着丝粒) 1. The region where two chromatids (姊妹染色体）are joined 2. Centromere DNA: 3. Mammalian cells: much longer, flanked by satellite DNA (卫星DNA) 端粒：真核生物染色体线性DNA分子末端的特化序列，有数以百计的短重复序列构成。 D3-2 Interphase chromosomes:chromatin （染色质） Heterochromatin (异染色质) ◆概念：指间期细胞核中, 折叠压缩程度高, 处于聚缩状态，用碱性染料染色时着色深的那些染色质. Euchromatin (常染色质) : ◆概念：指间期核内染色质纤维折叠压缩程度低, 处于伸展状态（典型包装率750倍）, 用碱性染料染色时着色浅的那些染色质。 Euchromatin (常染色质) 特点： 1. More diffused and not visible 2. The region where transcription takes place 3. Not homogenous, only a portion (~10%) euchromatin is transcriptionally active where the 30nm fiber has been dissociated to “beads on a string”structure and parts of these regions may be depleted of nucleosome. DNase I 超敏性 DNase I hypersensitivity: How to map the regions of transcriptionally active chromatin ? D4 Genome Complexity(基因组的复杂性) Genome genes(基因组和基因的关系） Genome: all DNA sequences in a cell Genes: a stretch of continuous DNA sequence encoding a protein or RNA D4-2: non-coding DNA DNA sequence that does not code for protein or RNA, including 1. Introns (内含子) in genes 2. multiple repeats（多重拷贝）