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continuum limits of particles interacting via diffusion连续通过扩散限制粒子的相互作用.pdf

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continuum limits of particles interacting via diffusion连续通过扩散限制粒子的相互作用

CONTINUUM LIMITS OF PARTICLES INTERACTING VIA DIFFUSION NICHOLAS D. ALIKAKOS, GIORGIO FUSCO, AND GEORGIA KARALI Received 5 August 2003 We consider a two-phase system mainly in three dimensions and we examine the coars- ening of the spatial distribution, driven by the reduction of interface energy and limited by diﬀusion as described by the quasistatic Stefan free boundary problem. Under the ap- propriate scaling we pass rigorously to the limit by taking into account the motion of the centers and the deformation of the spherical shape. We distinguish between two dif- ferent cases and we derive the classical mean-ﬁeld model and another continuum limit corresponding to critical density which can be related to a continuity equation obtained recently by Niethammer and Otto. So, the theory of Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner is im- proved by taking into account the geometry of the spatial distribution. 1. Introduction Ostwald ripening is a very general phenomenon occurring in liquids, solids, and on solid surfaces. Basically, it takes place in the late stages of ﬁrst-order phase transitions, when larger droplets, grains, crystallites, or islands grow at the expense of smaller ones via evap- oration, diﬀusion, and condensation. In general, the kinetics of a ﬁrst-order phase transi- tion are characterized by a ﬁrst stage where small droplets of a new phase are created out of the old phase, for example, solid formation in an undercooled liquid. The ﬁrst stage, called nucleation, yields a large number of small particles. During the next stage, the nu- clei grow rapidly at the expense of the old phase. When the phase regions are formed, the mass of the new phase is close to equilibrium and the amount of undercooling is small, but large surface area is present. In the next stage, the conﬁguration of phase re- gions is coarsened, and the geometric shape of the phase regions becomes simpler and simpler, eventually tending to regions of minimum surface area