文学伦理学批评视域下的一九八四重读-外国文学研究.docVIP

一部隐喻社会政治的伦理小说：《一九八四》Metaphorical Ethical Novel on Social Politics Abstract: 1984 has been well known as a totalitarian novel. It combines the fictitious facts into historical truth with simple words to convey impressive feeling and to describe the ethical disorder of the “big ocean country”, the revolting certain principles, the absurd disciplines and the ideological deformation. It is obvious to make people abandon their identities into ethical dilemma, which establishes the literary aesthetic of terror. Besides, applying metaphor to satirize ethical revolting, doing double focuses to satirize ethical confliction and the uncertain sentences of narrative structures to satirize the ethical dilemma, this novel does not only probe the ethical matters but also notice the changes of sphinx factor from human nature to animal one so that people give up their identity of blood relatives and friends and moral principals, and break through ethical taboo as well as get rid of the human’s restraint. As a result, people’s ethical relationship has been entirely turned from relatives into enemies, friends into foes and rational persons into irrational ones. Key words: literature and ethics 1984 political ethics ethical choice ethical identity Author: Nie Sumin is associate professor at Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics (Hangzhou 310018, China). Her research interest is English literature. Email: nie_sumin@163.com 近年来，关于乔治?奥威尔（1903-1950年）《一九八四》（1948年完成，1949年出版）的文学批评文章数量逐年增多，其质量却少见新发。诸多文学批评往往聚焦在极权主义主题上，并认为小说以简单的文字，深刻的意义，使读者产生恐怖的心理反应。对于小说的恐怖性，文学批评抑或老调重弹，或推崇西方文学批评理论，或在自治的阅读印象下分析，未深究简单的文字怎样达成恐怖性，欠思考小说的文学伦理学批评方法，缺伦理到场的总体特征。小说的文学批评，因伦理未到场，或许较难对其恐怖性做出深层次剖析，又或许较难发现诸如此类的问题：一是小说始终以虚拟的伦理悖逆作为隐性利器对历史的真实事件做出反应所产生的恐怖性；二是小说把反极权主义旨归到历史现场，又把历史的真相融入创作之中，所产生的恐怖性贯穿始终。换言之，小说的恐怖性，正是作者描写社会政治的伦理问题所产生的文学审美效果，而不是简单的文字与简单的故事情节所致，仅有后者是难于企及小说的恐怖性。可见，作者在揭示社会政治伦理问题上的写作功力。在小说中的“大洋国”①，人们深受悖逆的“党标”、虚假的宣传、荒谬的“规训”：“两分钟仇恨”、残酷的思想改造之苦①，遭受六亲不认和人性变兽性之灾。这样的苦难，使人们不得不冲破伦理禁忌去做出伦理选择，不得不为遵行悖逆的政治伦理而放弃自我的伦理身份。这