从集体福利到国家供养：农村五保供养变迁的逻辑--_--以生产社会化为分析视角.pdfVIP

摘 要 自上世纪五十年代中期以来，中国政府为照顾缺乏劳动力或者完全丧失劳动力、生 活没有依靠的老、弱、孤、寡、残疾的人员，先后借助生产队、生产大队、村集体对其 生产上和生活上给予适当的安排和照顾，保证其基本的吃、穿和柴火的供应，保证年幼 的受到教育和年老的死后安葬，使其生养死葬都有依靠；2006 年中国政府又将农村五保 供养纳入公共财政，为五保供养的实施提供了制度保障。因此,这标志着五保供养制度 从集体福利转向国家供养。 本文借用社会化小农的分析框架，以生产的社会化为发展脉络，历时性地考察了建 国后农村五保供养的演变历程。依据五保供养资金的来源及责任主体，将这一过程分为 两大阶段、四个时期，即：集体福利阶段（合作化生产时期、村提留乡统筹时期）和国 家供养阶段（农村税费改革时期、后农业税时期）。最后得出，五保供养制度从集体福 利过渡到国家供养的内在逻辑，在于农业生产方式的社会化。建国初期，五保供养享受 集体福利，仍属于传统农业社会的道义救助。根本原因在于集体劳动事实上是放大的家 庭劳动，五保供养的产生没有摆脱传统习惯的约束；人民公社的解体、分田到户的推行， 以及村提留乡统筹的实施，五保供养资金的来源是农户。由此可见，此阶段的五保供养 仍享受着集体福利。随着农业生产的社会化程度不断提高，农户生产的成本日益增加， 社会（市场）风险难以预测，货币收入极其有限。村提留、乡统筹等农业收费制度已不 适应农业发展，中央政府为减轻农民负担，先后推行了农业税费改革、取消农业税，使 原本享受集体福利的五保供养，完全由国家财政供养。 关键词：供养模式，集体福利，国家供养，生产社会化 I ABSTRACT Since the 1950s, to take good care of self-dependent people with their labor-capability mostly or totally lost, such as the old, the weak, the disable and the lonely, Chinese government has been dong its best to provide them, by the production group, the production brigade and the village collective, with a properly arranged life where basic life-supplication is enough, the kids have their chance to get educated and everything is well done after their death. In 2006, the government brought five guarantees carried out in rural area, into the system of public finance, giving a systematic guarantee for it. Besides, this move is also the turning symbol of the system “five guarantees” from collective welfare to state-supplied. The paper, borrowing analytic framework of small-scale peasant, examined the transforming history diachronically in the devolving light of production-socialization. In this paper, the developing history of “five guarantees” was divided into two stages, fou