colony collapse disorder a descriptive study蜂群衰竭失调描述性研究.pdfVIP

Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study 1,2 5 3 2 4 Dennis vanEngelsdorp , Jay D. Evans , Claude Saegerman , Chris Mullin , Eric Haubruge , Bach Kim 4 2 2 2 5 2 Nguyen , Maryann Frazier , Jim Frazier , Diana Cox-Foster , Yanping Chen , Robyn Underwood , 6 5 David R. Tarpy , Jeffery S. Pettis * 1 Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 2 Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Epidemiology and Risk analysis applied to the Veterinary Sciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium, 4 Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium, 5 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America, 6 Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America Abstract Background: Over the last two winters, there have been large-scale, unexplained losses of managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in the United States. In the absence of a known cause, this syndrome was named Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) because the main trait was a rapid loss of adult worker bees. We initiated a descriptive epizootiological study in order to better characterize CCD and compare risk factor exposure between populations afflicted by and not afflicte