comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage比较基因组学搜索历史悠久的基因在人类血统的损失.pdfVIP

Comparative Genomics Search for Losses of Long-Established Genes on the Human Lineage 1 1 1 1 1 1,2* Jingchun Zhu , J. Zachary Sanborn , Mark Diekhans , Craig B. Lowe , Tom H. Pringle , David Haussler 1 Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America, 2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America Taking advantage of the complete genome sequences of several mammals, we developed a novel method to detect losses of well-established genes in the human genome through syntenic mapping of gene structures between the human, mouse, and dog genomes. Unlike most previous genomic methods for pseudogene identification, this analysis is able to differentiate losses of well-established genes from pseudogenes formed shortly after segmental duplication or generated via retrotransposition. Therefore, it enables us to find genes that were inactivated long after their birth, which were likely to have evolved nonredundant biological functions before being inactivated. The method was used to look for gene losses along the human lineage during the approximately 75 million years (My) since the common ancestor of primates and rodents (the euarchontoglire crown group). We identified 26 losses of well-established genes in the human genome that were all lost at least 50 My after their birth. Many of them were previously characterized pseudogenes in the human genome, such as GULO and UOX. Our methodology is highly effective at identifying losses of single-copy genes of ancient origin, allowing us to find a few well-known pseudogenes in the human genome missed by previous high-throughput genome-wide studies. In addition to confirming previously known gene losses, w