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Review Digital Epidemiology ´ 1,2 3 1,2 4 5 Marcel Salathe *, Linus Bengtsson , Todd J. Bodnar , Devon D. Brewer , John S. Brownstein , 6 1,2 7 1,2 8 Caroline Buckee , Ellsworth M. Campbell , Ciro Cattuto , Shashank Khandelwal , Patricia L. Mabry , Alessandro Vespignani9 1 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 2 Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 4 Interdisciplinary Scientific Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 5 Harvard Medical School and Children’s Hospital Informatics Program, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 6 Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 7 Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI) Foundation, Torino, Italy, 8 Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, ´ 9 College of Computer and Information Sciences and Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America and disseminated in near real-time through an array of online Abstract: Mobile, social, real-time: the ongoing revolu- s