dopamine and octopamine influence avoidance learning of honey bees in a place preference assay多巴胺和章鱼胺影响蜜蜂的逃避学习的地方偏好分析.pdfVIP

Dopamine and Octopamine Influence Avoidance Learning of Honey Bees in a Place Preference Assay 1 ´ 2 2 ´ 2 Maitreyi Agarwal , Manuel Giannoni Guzman , Carla Morales-Matos , Rafael Alejandro Del Valle Dıaz , Charles I. Abramson3, Tugrul Giray2* 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2 Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 3 Laboratory of Behavioral Biology and Comparative Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America Abstract Biogenic amines are widely characterized in pathways evaluating reward and punishment, resulting in appropriate aversive or appetitive responses of vertebrates and invertebrates. We utilized the honey bee model and a newly developed spatial avoidance conditioning assay to probe effects of biogenic amines octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA) on avoidance learning. In this new protocol non-harnessed bees associate a spatial color cue with mild electric shock punishment. After a number of experiences with color and shock the bees no longer enter the compartment associated with punishment. Intrinsic aspects of avoidance conditioning are associated with natural behavior of bees such as punishment (lack of food, explosive pollination mechanisms, danger of predation, heat, etc.) and their association to floral traits or other spatial cues during foraging. The results show that DA reduces the punishment received whereas octopamine OA increases the punishment received. These effects are dose-dependent and spec