ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES IN （能源和水力坡降线）.pdf

53:071 Principles of Hydraulics Laboratory Experiment #1 ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES IN WATER PIPE SYSTEMS Principle The energy of a real fluid decreases as it moves through a pipe. The energy budget in a pipeline system is materialized by the energy grade line. The hydraulic grade line is lower than the energy line by the velocity head. Introduction In the flow process, some of the mechanical energy of the system is converted to thermal energy through viscous action between fluid particles. For a steady incompressible flow through a pipe with friction, without shaft work, the energy equation (Bernoulli’s equation) between two cross sections in the flow is p V2 p V2 1 a 1 1 z 1 2 a 2 2 z 2 hL g 2g g 2g where z is the elevation above an arbitrary datum, p is the pressure intensity, V is the mean velocity in the pipe, g is the gravitational acceleration, g is the specific weight of the fluid, a is the kinetic-energy correction factor (for most of the practical cases a 1.05, hence, it will be subsequently omitted), and hL is the head loss. Subscripts 1 and 2 refer to cross sections normal to the flow field. All the terms in the above equation are heads (or lengths), actually energies per unit weight. Different expression are used for h , depending on their type, namely, losses due to frictional resistance of the pipe or L losses due to flow tr