Genetics of Drosophila melanogaster（黑腹果蝇的基因）.docVIP

Genetics of Drosophila melanogaster Objectives The purpose of this lab is to use genetic crosses to illustrate independent assortment and sex-linkage in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. You will be given monohybrid, dihybrid, and/or sex-linked crosses with well-defined mutant traits. Over the course of four weeks, you will observe and record what happens to the mutant traits as they are passed from one generation to the next. Additionally, you will learn the life cycle of the fruit fly and learn how to recognize the sex of fruit flies, and several types of classic mutations. Lastly, you will compare the predicted results with the actual results using a chi-square analysis. Drosophila Life Cycle Fruit flies are an ideal organism for conducting genetic studies. They have a short generation time and are easily cultured in the lab because they have simple food requirements and occupy little space. In addition, they produce large numbers of offspring that can be easily manipulated and examined under a low-power microscope. The fruit fly life cycle is approximately two weeks at room temperature (see Figure 1). Several days after a breeding pair has mated, the female lays an ellipsoid egg with two filaments at one end. They are generally laid on the surface of the medium. The eggs develop into larvae after about a day. The larvae develop into three progressively larger larval stages called instars. The larvae appear worm-like and eat almost continuously. They channel through the culture medium while eating. As the larvae mature, they climb up the side of the culture tube where the larval cuticle darkens and hardens into a puparium. Within the puparium, the eyes, wings, and legs become visible as the fly metamorphoses into an adult. The adult emerges by forcing its way through the anterior end of the puparium. The newly emerged adult is light in color and its wings are not yet fully expanded. The female fruit fly does not mate until 10-12 hou