Superconductivity DESY（超导谜底）.pdfVIP

Superconductivity Peter Schmuser ¨ Institut fur¨ Experimentalphysik der Universitat¨ Hamburg Abstract Low-temperature superconductivity is treated at an introductory level. The topics include Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect and London equations, thermody- namic properties of the superconducting state, type I and II superconductors, flux quantisation, superconductors in microwave fields and superconducting quantum interference effects. Important experiments are discussed. The basic ideas of the BCS theory and its implications are outlined. 1. INTRODUCTION In these lectures I want to give an introduction into the physical principles of superconductivity and its fascinating properties. More detailed accounts can be found in the excellent text books by W. Buckel [1] and by D.R. Tilley and J. Tilley [2]. Superconductivity was discovered [3] in 1911 by the Dutch physicist H. Kamerlingh Onnes, only three years after he had succeeded in liquefying helium. During his investigations on the conductivity of metals at low temperature he found that the resistance of a mercury sample dropped to an unmeasurably small value just at the boiling temperature of liquid helium. The original measurement is shown in Fig. 1. Kamerlingh Onnes called this totally unexpected phenomenon ‘superconductivity’ and this name has been retained since. The temperature at which the transition took place was called the critical temperature . Superconductivity is observed in a large variety of materials but, remarkably, not in some of the best normal conductors like copper, silver and gold, except at very high pressures. This is illustrated in Fig. 2 where the resistivity of copper, tin and the ‘high-temperature’ superconductor YBa Cu O is sketched as a function of tem