第十章 氨基酸代谢（The tenth chapter is amino acid metabolism）.docVIP

第十章 氨基酸代谢（The tenth chapter is amino acid metabolism） Plants and microorganisms absorb inorganic nitrogen such as ammonia, ammonium salt, nitrite and nitrate from the environment, and synthesize various amino acids, proteins and nitrogen compounds. Humans and animals digest and absorb proteins from plants and animals, and acquire amino acids, proteins and nitrogen compounds. Some microorganisms change the N2 in the air to ammonia nitrogen, a synthetic amino acid. Section 1 protein digestion, degradation and nitrogen balance Digestion and absorption of protein Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase and elastase are found in the stomach and small intestine of mammals. By the action of the enzyme, the protein is hydrolyzed into free amino acids and absorbed in the small intestine. The absorbed amino acids (like sugars and lipids) are not normally excreted and undergo a variety of metabolic pathways. The intestinal mucosa cells also absorb two peptides or three peptides, and the absorption is stronger in the proximal part of the small intestine, so the absorption of peptides is prior to the free amino acids. Two, protein degradation The homeostasis of protein in human and animal is degraded and synthesized. In adults, 1% to 2% of the total protein is degraded and renewed every day. The half-life of different proteins varies greatly. The t1/2 of human plasma proteins is about 10 days, the liver t1/2 is about 1~8 days, the connective tissue protein t1/2 is about 180 days, and the t1/2 of many key regulatory enzymes are very short. There are two pathways for protein degradation in eukaryotic cells: One is the pathway that is independent of ATP, which is mainly involved in lysosomes, which mainly degrade foreign proteins, membrane proteins and long-lived intracellular proteins. The other is the pathway that relies on ATP and ubiquitin, the major degradation of aberrant proteins and short-lived proteins in the cytoplasm, which is particularly imp