网站大量收购独家精品文档,联系QQ:2885784924

The Beast of Bias Discovering Statistics(偏见的野兽发现统计数据).pdf

The Beast of Bias Discovering Statistics(偏见的野兽发现统计数据).pdf

  1. 1、本文档共21页,可阅读全部内容。
  2. 2、原创力文档(book118)网站文档一经付费(服务费),不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
  3. 3、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传,本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺!文档内容仅供研究参考,付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费,意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务;查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档,您可以点击 这里二次下载
  4. 4、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“版权申诉”(推荐),也可以打举报电话:400-050-0827(电话支持时间:9:00-18:30)。
查看更多
The Beast of Bias Discovering Statistics(偏见的野兽发现统计数据)

Exploring Data: The Beast of Bias Sources of Bias A bit of revision. We鈥檝e seen that having collected data we usually fit a model that represents the hypothesis that we want to test. This model is usually a linear model, which takes the form of: outcome = 饊亸饊亸 饊亱饊亱 +饊亸饊亸 饊亱饊亱 鈰€亸饊亸 饊亱饊亱 +error Eq. 1 ! $ $! ! ) )! ! Therefore, we predict an outcome variable, from one or more predictor variables (the Xs) and parameters (the bs in the equation) that tell us something about the relationship between the predictor and the outcome variable. Finally, the model will not predict the outcome perfectly so for each observation there will be some error. When we fit a model, we often estimate the parameters (b) usin the method of least squares (known as ordinary least squares or OLS). We鈥檙e not interested in our sample so much as a general population, so we use the sample data to estimate the value of the parameters in the population (that鈥檚 why we call them estimates rather than values). When we estimate a parameter we also compute an estimate of how well it represents the population such as a standard error or confidence interval. We can test hypotheses about these parameters by computing test statistics and their associated probabilities (p-values). Therefore, when we think about bias, we need to think about it within three contexts: 1. Things that bias the parameter estimates. 2. Things that bias standard errors and confidence intervals. 3. Things that bias test statistics and p-values. T

文档评论(0)

jiupshaieuk12 + 关注
实名认证
内容提供者

该用户很懒,什么也没介绍

版权声明书
用户编号:6212135231000003

1亿VIP精品文档

相关文档