Twist Distributions for Swept Wings, Part 5（捻度分布的翅膀,第5部分）.pdfVIP

On the ’Wing... #165 Twist Distributions for Swept Wings, Part 5 The Horten twist distribution has been the focus thus far, but it’s now time to take a look at the twist distributions formulated by Irv Culver and Walter Panknin, make some comparisons, and derive a few conclusions. The “middle effect” First, a small digression is necessary in order to understand one remaining concept, the “middle effect.” The Hortens’ later designs included geometric modifications aimed at reducing or eliminating the “middle effect.” Irv Culver’s twist distribution is specifically formulated to eliminate the reduction in lift near the center of a swept back wing. Interestingly, the Hortens and Culver are trying to counter two different phenomena. As the wing moves through the air, the air coming off the trailing edge is deflected downward. This is called the downwash. As the air approaches the wing, it moves up slightly to meet the wing. This is called the upwash. We’ve already illustrated these two properties in previous portions of this article series, pointing out the angle of attack is directly related to the position of the stagnation point. If you look at an airfoil traveling through the air, you’ll see that the air moving over the upper surface is moving faster than the wing is moving through the air. So too, the air along the lower surface is moving slower than the wing is moving through the air. From a vector mathematics perspective, if you subtract the velocity of the wing from the two air flows, the air over the upper surface is still moving from leading to trailing edge, but the air along the bottom of the wing is moving backward toward the leading edge. From this perspective, the air “circulates” around the airfoil in a clockwise direction as a wing producing lift moves right to left. The coefficient of lift is directly proportional to this circulation. See Figure 1. According to Pra