Xray Diffraction (XRD) Portland State University（x光衍射(XRD)波特兰州立大学）.pdfVIP

X-ray Diffraction (XRD) • 1.0 What is X-ray Diffraction • 2.0 Basics of Crystallography • 3.0 Production of X-rays • 4.0 Applications of XRD • 5.0 Instrumental Sources of Error • 6.0 Conclusions Bragg’s Law n l =2dsinq English physicists Sir W.H. Bragg and his son Sir W.L. Bragg developed a relationship in 1913 to explain why the cleavage faces of crystals appear to reflect X-ray beams at certain angles of incidence (theta, ). The variable d is the distance between atomic layers in a crystal, and the variable lambda is the wavelength of the incident X-ray beam; n is an integer. This observation is an example of X-ray wave interference (Roentgenstrahlinterferenzen), commonly known as X-ray diffraction (XRD), and was direct evidence for the periodic atomic structure of crystals postulated for several centuries. Bragg’s Law n l =2dsinq The Braggs were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1915 for their work in determining crystal structures beginning with NaCl, ZnS and diamond. Although Braggs law was used to explain the interference patter n of X-rays scattered by crystals, diffraction has been developed to study the structure of all states of matter with any beam, e.g., ions, electrons, neutrons, and protons, with a wavelength similar to the distance between the atomic or molecular structures of interest. Deriving Bragg’s Law: nl = 2dsinq X-ray 1 Constructive interference X-ray 2 occurs only when n l = AB + BC AB+BC = multiples of nl AB=BC n l = 2AB Sinq=AB/d AB=dsinq n l =2dsinq l = 2dhklsinqhkl Constructiv