(数理逻辑与软件工程)MLChapter03PredicateLogicApplication.ppt

超级计算学院 数理逻辑 第 2 章 Predicate Logic Chapter 3 Predicate Logic application The Use of The Predicate Calculus The situation calculus The states and the goals can be described by predicate calculus Example ON(C,A)ONTABLE(A)ONTABLE(B)CLEAR(C)CLEAR(B) ?x [CLEAR(x) → ? ? y ON(y, x)] B C A Describe goal condition using any wff in predicate calculus Describe world state using formulas Try to prove goal wff from formulas describing world state Predicate Calculus can be used to reason about states and actions Search is over a space of logical expressions – not a space of models of world states Reasoning about States and Actions Predicate Calculus formalization of states, actions and the effects of actions on states Knowledge about states and actions are represented using formulas in FOPC Deduction system ask questions e.g.Does there exist a state such that it satisfies certain (goal) properties, and if so, how can the present state be transformed into that state by actions ? Answer = Plan for achieving desired state, a series of action, with which we can deduce from the initial state to the goal state. State S0 States – include them into the world as entities that exist (S0,S1,S2…) Change atomic wffs to include a term denoting a state in which the intended relation holds S0: true of all states: Two wffs for each action-effect : For the pair (On,move) Positive effect axiom describes how an action makes a fluent true Negative effect axiom describes how an action makes a fluent false preconditions On(B,A,S0)On(A,C,S0)On(C,Floor,S0)Clear(B,S0)Clear(Floor,S0) move(B,A, Floor) S0 S1= do(move(B,A,Floor),S0) Reasoning with using effect axioms: substitution: {B/x, A/y,S0/s, Floor/z} Intelligent database { MANAGRER(PURCHASING-DEPT, JOHN-JONES) WORKS-IN(PURCHASING-DEPT, JOE-SMITH)  WORKS-IN(x, y) ? MANAGER (x, z) → BOSS-OF(y,z)} ? x BOSS-OF(JOE_SMITH, x) An intelligent retrieval system mi