a survey on routing protocols for large-scale wireless sensor networks一项调查在大规模无线传感器网络的路由协议.pdfVIP

Sensors 2011, 11, 3498-3526; doi:10.3390/s110403498 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article A Survey on Routing Protocols for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks Changle Li *, Hanxiao Zhang, Binbin Hao and Jiandong Li State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China; E-Mails: zhx0930@163.com (H.Z.); dreamfly_99@126.com (B.H.); jdli@ (J.L.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: clli@; Tel.: +86-29-8820-2906; Fax: +86-29-8823-2281. Received: 14 February 2011; in revised form: 5 March 2011 / Accepted: 18 March 2011 / Published: 24 March 2011 Abstract: With the advances in micro-electronics, wireless sensor devices have been made much smaller and more integrated, and large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based the cooperation among the significant amount of nodes have become a hot topic. “Large-scale” means mainly large area or high density of a network. Accordingly the routing protocols must scale well to the network scope extension and node density increases. A sensor node is normally energy-limited and cannot be recharged, and thus its energy consumption has a quite significant effect on the scalability of the protocol. To the best of our knowledge, currently the mainstream methods to solve the energy problem in large-scale WSNs are the hierarchical routing protocols. In a hierarchical routing protocol, all the nodes are divided into several grou