内科 大题总结（Summary of major problems in internal medicine）.docVIP

内科 大题总结（Summary of major problems in internal medicine） 1. treatment of acute heart failure Heart, diuresis, vasodilator, oxygen inhalation, morphine, theophylline, mechanical assisted respiration 2. etiology, collateral circulation and complication of cirrhosis Etiology: many, caused by viral hepatitis cirrhosis (viral hepatitis, mainly for superinfection of HBV, HCV and HDV), chronic alcoholism; cholestasis of inherited metabolic disorders; nutrition disorders; non-alcoholic fatty hepatitis hepatic venous obstruction poison or medicine industry of autoimmune hepatitis in cryptogenic liver cirrhosis Collateral circulation: when the portal vein pressure is higher than 200mmH2O, the normal digestive organs and spleen return the heart blood through the liver, which leads to the establishment of the portosystemic collateral circulation between the portal vein system and the vena cava. There are three important branches in the clinic: (1) esophageal and gastric varices. Varicose veins of abdominal wall. Varicose veins of hemorrhoids. Complication: hepatic encephalopathy (the most serious) The massive hemorrhage of upper digestive tract: is due to esophageal varices, but also because of peptic ulcer and portal hypertensive gastric mucosal lesions, hemorrhagic gastritis caused by Changbiaoxianwei hematemesis and melena. (most common) Infection: the most common is peritonitis, which can be manifested as fever, abdominal pain, tenderness and rebound pain of abdominal wall The primary liver cancer: hepatomegaly, liver pain of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) persistent or progressive increase, Hepatorenal syndrome: characterized by oliguria or oliguria, hyponatremia, and low urinary sodium. The hepatopulmonary syndrome refers to severe liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatation and hypoxemia. Triad. 8 thrombosis of the portal vein The electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders 3. what are the indications for insulin therapy for diabetes? T1DM. Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar c