微生物实验摘要.pptVIP

* .Pili: Made of the protein pilin and project from the cell surface. There are 2 types: Sex or conjugation Pili for the transfer of extrachromosomal DNA between donor and recipient. Attachment Pili or Fimbriae. There are many and are used for attachment to surfaces. Pili are virulence factors. * ★The Gram reaction The Gram reaction is named after the Danish physician, Christian Gram, who developed this staining technique in 1884. It involves a series of simple steps. 1.??? Bacterial cells are dried onto a glass slide and stained with crystal violet, then washed briefly in water. 2.??? Iodine solution is added so that the iodine forms a complex with crystal violet in the cells. 3.??? Alcohol or acetone is added to solubilise the crystal violet - iodine complex. 4.??? The cells are counterstained with safranin, then rinsed and dried for microscopy. The method separates bacteria into two types. Gram-positive cells retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and thus appear purple (shown for Bacillus cereus in the left-hand image below). Gram-negative cells are decolourised by the alcohol or acetone treatment, but are then stained with safranin so they appear pink (shown for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the right-hand image below). Thus, the essential difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells is their ability to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex when treated with a solvent. ★his difference in staining reflects a fundamental difference in the organisation of the bacterial cell wall or cell envelope, shown in highly simplified form below. C.Gram，1884年创立，是最重要的染色法。革兰氏染色的原理:从上图可知， 甲、乙两种细菌经结晶紫初染后，分别染上了紫色，经碘液媒染，结晶紫与碘液形成了分子量较大的复合物，在乙醇脱色时，凡是染上的紫色容易被脱掉的细胞又成为无色菌体（如乙菌），反之则仍为紫色（如甲菌）。最后再用红色染料——沙黄复染，结果甲菌仍然维持最初染上的紫色，而乙菌则被复染而成红色，前者称为革兰氏阳性细菌，简称G+菌，后者则称为革兰氏阴性细菌，简称G-菌。革兰氏染色是细菌分类鉴定的重要指标，通过革兰氏染色，可以将几乎所有细菌分成革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌两大类。这两大类细菌在细胞结构、成分、形态、生理、生化、遗传、免疫、生态和药物敏感性等方面都呈现出明显的差异，因此任何细菌只要先通过很简单的革兰氏染色，即可提供不少其他重要的生物学特性方面的信息。 Gram, who invented the gram-staining method in 1884