a fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data一百一十五年全球天然气燃除来自卫星的记录数据.pdfVIP

Energies 2009, 2, 595-622; doi:10.3390/e OPEN ACCESS energies ISSN 1996-1073 /journal/energies Article A Fifteen Year Record of Global Natural Gas Flaring Derived from Satellite Data Christopher D. Elvidge 1,*, Daniel Ziskin 2, Kimberly E. Baugh 2, Benjamin T. Tuttle 2,3, Tilottama Ghosh 2,3, Dee W. Pack 4, Edward H. Erwin 1 and Mikhail Zhizhin 5 1 Earth Observation Group, Solar and Terrestrial Division, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; E-Mail: edward.h.erwin@ 2 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; E-Mails: daniel.ziskin@ (D.Z.); kim.baugh@ (K.E.B.); ben.tuttle@ (B.T.T.); tilottama.ghosh@ (T.G.) 3 Department of Geography, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA 4 The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA; E-Mail: dee.w.pack@ 5 Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia; E-Mail: jjn@wdcb.ru * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: chris.elvidge@; Tel.: +1-303-497-6121; Fax: +1-303-497-6513 Received: 3 July 2009; in revised form: 30 July 2009 / Accepted: 5 August 2009 / Published: 7 August 2009 Abstract: We have produced annual estimates of national and global gas flaring and gas flaring efficiency from 1994 through 2008 using low light imaging data acquired by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Gas flaring is a widely used practice for the disposal of associated gas in oil production and processing facilities where there is insufficient in