a new chromosomal phylogeny supports the repeated origin of vectorial capacity in malaria mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex一个新的染色体起源发展史支持重复矢量能力疟疾蚊子的冈比亚疟蚊复杂.pdfVIP

A New Chromosomal Phylogeny Supports the Repeated Origin of Vectorial Capacity in Malaria Mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae Complex 1 1¤ 2 1 Maryam Kamali , Ai Xia , Zhijian Tu , Igor V. Sharakhov * 1 Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, 2 Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America Abstract Understanding phylogenetic relationships within species complexes of disease vectors is crucial for identifying genomic changes associated with the evolution of epidemiologically important traits. However, the high degree of genetic similarity among sibling species confounds the ability to determine phylogenetic relationships using molecular markers. The goal of this study was to infer the ancestral–descendant relationships among malaria vectors and nonvectors of the Anopheles gambiae species complex by analyzing breakpoints of fixed chromosomal inversions in ingroup and several outgroup species. We identified genes at breakpoints of fixed overlapping chromosomal inversions 2Ro and 2Rp of An. merus using fluorescence in situ hybridization, a whole-genome mate-paired sequencing, and clone sequencing. We also mapped breakpoints of a chromosomal inversion 2La (common to An. merus, An. gambiae, and An. arabiensis) in outgroup species using a bioinformatics approach. We demonstrated that the ‘‘standard’’ 2R+p arrangement and ‘‘inverted’’ 2Ro and 2La arrangements are present in outgroup species Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The data indicate that the ancestral species of the An. gambiae co