a rapid sound-action association effect in human insular cortex在人类岛叶皮质快速行为关联效应.pdfVIP

A Rapid Sound-Action Association Effect in Human Insular Cortex 1,2,3. 1,3,4 3 5 3,6 1,2,3,4. Isabella Mutschler , Andreas Schulze-Bonhage , Volkmar Glauche , Evariste Demandt , Oliver Speck , Tonio Ball * 1 Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 2 Heidelberg Academy of Science and Humanities, Heidelberg, Germany, 3 Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 4 Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 5 Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Institute for Biology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 6 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Physics, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Background. Learning to play a musical piece is a prime example of complex sensorimotor learning in humans. Recent studies using electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) indicate that passive listening to melodies previously rehearsed by subjects on a musical instrument evokes differential brain activation as compared with unrehearsed melodies. These changes were already evident after 20–30 minutes of training. The exact brain regions involved in these differential brain responses have not yet been delineated. Methodology/Principal Finding. Using functional MRI (fMRI), we investigated subjects who passively listened to simple piano melodies from two conditions: In the ‘actively learned melodies’ condition subjects learned to play a piece on the piano during a short training session of a maximum of 30 minutes before the fMRI experiment, and in the ‘passively learned melodies’ condition subjects listened passively to and were thus familiarized with the piece. We found increased fMRI responses to actively compared wit