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anti-biofilm compounds derived from marine spongesanti-biofilm化合物来源于海洋海绵.pdf

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anti-biofilm compounds derived from marine spongesanti-biofilm化合物来源于海洋海绵

Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 2010-2035; doi:10.3390/md9102010 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 /journal/marinedrugs Review Anti-Biofilm Compounds Derived from Marine Sponges 1 2 1 1 Sean D. Stowe , Justin J. Richards , Ashley T. Tucker , Richele Thompson , Christian Melander 2 and John Cavanagh 1,* 1 Department of Molecular Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; E-Mails: sdstowe@ (S.D.S.); attucker@ (A.T.T.); richele_thompson@ (R.T.) 2 Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; E-Mails: jjrichar@ (J.J.R.); ccmeland@ (C.M.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: john_cavanagh@; Tel.: +1-919-513-4349; Fax: +1-919-515-2047. Received: 5 September 2011; in revised form: 24 September 2011 / Accepted: 12 October 2011 / Published: 19 October 2011 Abstract: Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities of microorganisms that are protected by an extracellular matrix of biomolecules. In the biofilm state, bacteria are significantly more resistant to external assault, including attack by antibiotics. In their native environment, bacterial biofilms underpin costly biofouling that wreaks havoc on shipping, utilities, and offshore industry. Within a host environment, they are insensitive to antiseptics and basic host immune responses. It is estimat