role of human-mediated dispersal in the spread of the pinewood nematode in china人工中介传播在松木的传播线虫在中国.pdfVIP

Role of Human-Mediated Dispersal in the Spread of the Pinewood Nematode in China 1 1 2 2 3 4 Christelle Robinet , Alain Roques , Hongyang Pan , Guofei Fang , Jianren Ye , Yanzhuo Zhang , Jianghua Sun4* ` ´ 1 INRA, UR 633 Zoologie Forestiere, Orleans, France, 2 The General Forest Pest Control Station, State Forestry Administration, Shenyang, China, 3 Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China, 4 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract Background: Intensification of world trade is responsible for an increase in the number of alien species introductions. Human-mediated dispersal promotes not only introductions but also expansion of the species distribution via long-distance dispersal. Thus, understanding the role of anthropogenic pathways in the spread of invading species has become one of the most important challenges nowadays. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analysed the invasion pattern of the pinewood nematode in China based on invasion data from 1982 to 2005 and monitoring data on 7 locations over 15 years. Short distance spread mediated by long-horned beetles was estimated at 7.5 km per year. Infested sites located further away represented more than 90% of observations and the mean long distance spread was estimated at 111–339 km. Railways, river ports, and lakes had significant effects on the spread pattern. Human population density levels explained 87% of the variation in the invasion probability (P,0.05). Since 2001, the number of new records of the nematode was multiplied by a factor of 5 and the spread distance by a factor of 2. We combined a diffus