第7章++种内与种间沟呢系.ppt

第七章 种内与种间关系;形形色色的 种内与种间关系;种内个体间或物种间的相互作用可根据相互作用的机制 和影响来分类。 ;表7－1 种内个体间与物种间相互关系的分类 ;表7－2 根据影响结果对种间相互作用进行的分类 ;7．1 种内关系 ;Territorial reef fish such as three spot damselfish and the two blennies shown in this photo compete intensely for space. ;7．1．1 密度效应 ;7．1．1 密度效应 ;Population density, soil nitrogen, and the size attained by the grass Sorghastrum nutans (data from Tilman and Cowan 1989). ;最后产量衡值法则;W表示植物个体平均重量；d为密度； Y为单位面积产量；Ki是一常数。 ;－3／2自疏法则 ;Self-thinning in plant populations (data from Westoby 1984). ;图7－2 植物密度与大小之间的关系，表明－2／3自疏法则(仿李博等,2000) ;Self-thinning in populations of alfalfa, Medicago sativa (data from White and Harper 1970). ;Self-thinning in the rye grass;Regression lines from self-thinning curves for 31 stands of different species of plants;Population density and planthopper performance (data from Denno and Roderick 1992). ;7．1．2 性别生态学 ;7．1．2．1 两性细胞结合与有性繁殖;Bluehead wrasse males with yellow females of the species. ;图7－3 无性生殖(a)和有性生殖(b)的遗传结果(仿Mackenzie等，1998) ;图7－4 长镰管蚜的生活周期(仿Mackenzie等,1998) ;;Summary of greenhouse experimental design and results (information from Endler 1980). ;Results of greenhouse experiment, which exposed populations of guppies to no predation, low predation (killifish), and high predation (pike cichlid) environments (data from Endler 1980).;Results of field experiment involving transfer of guppies from high predation site to site with killifish, a fairly ineffective predator (data from Endler 1980). ;Relative reproductive success by attractive versus unattractive and dominant versus subordinate male guppies (data from Kodric-Brown 1993). ;7．1．2．2 性比 ;图7－5 灵长类出生时性比与雌性竞争的关系(仿Mackenzie等,1998) ;7．1．2．3 性选择 ;图7－6 蜂鸟(Spathura underwoodi)的性二型现象(仿Mackemie等,1998) ;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;Experimental test of the influence of nuptial offerings on mating success by male scorpionflies (information from Thornhill 1981). ;Evaluation only. Created w