access to cellulose limits the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis the role of amorphogenesis访问限制纤维素酶法水解的效率amorphogenesis的角色.pdfVIP

Arantes and Saddler Biotechnology for Biofuels 2010, 3:4 /content/3/1/4 REVIEW Open Access Access to cellulose limits the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis: the role of amorphogenesis * Valdeir Arantes, Jack N Saddler Abstract The efficient enzymatic saccharification of cellulose at low cellulase (protein) loadings continues to be a challenge for commercialization of a process for bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol. Currently, effective pretreatment followed by high enzyme loading is needed to overcome several substrate and enzyme factors that limit rapid and complete hydrolysis of the cellulosic fraction of biomass substrates. One of the major barriers faced by cellulase enzymes is their limited access to much of the cellulose that is buried within the highly ordered and tightly packed fibrillar architecture of the cellulose microfibrils. Rather than a sequential ‘shaving’ or ‘planing’ of the cellulose fibrils from the outside, it has been suggested that these inaccessible regions are disrupted or loosened by non-hydrolytic proteins, thereby increasing the cellulose surface area and making it more accessible to the cellulase enzyme complex. This initial stage in enzymatic saccharification of cellulose has been termed amorphogenesis. In this review, we describe the various amorphogenesis-inducing agents that have been suggested, and their possible role in enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Review enzymatic hydrolysis [5]. However, there is still consid- Continuing interest in the utilization of renewable bio- erable disagreement in the literature regarding the rela- mass resources for the production of alternative fuels tive importance