phytotoxic effects and a phytotoxin from the invasive plant xanthium italicum moretti植物性毒素的效果和苍耳子的植物毒素入侵植物italicum莫雷蒂.pdfVIP

Molecules 2012, 17, 4037-4046; doi:10.3390/molecule OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 /journal/molecules Article Phytotoxic Effects and a Phytotoxin from the Invasive Plant Xanthium italicum Moretti Hua Shao 1, Xiaoli Huang 1, Xiaoyi Wei 2 and Chi Zhang 3,* 1 Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; E-Mails: shaohuaconnie@ (H.S.); huangxl0430@163.com (X.H.) 2 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; E-Mail: xiaoywei@ 3 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: zc@; Tel.: +86-991-782-3127; Fax: +86-991-788-5320. Received: 27 January 2012; in revised form: 12 March 2012 / Accepted: 28 March 2012 / Published: 2 April 2012 Abstract: The allelopathic effects of different parts of the plant Xanthium italicum Moretti were evaluated by conducting bioassays against two dicot plants, amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) and lettuce (Lectuca sativa L.), and two monocot plants, wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn) and ryegrass (Lolium multiforum). Leaf and fruit extract possessed the strongest biological activity, killing all seeds of four test species at 0.05 g/mL concentration. Fruits were chosen for further investigation because of their high biomass. This led to th