russian olive (elaeagnus angustifolia) removal in the western united states multi-site findings and considerations for future research沙枣(elaeagnus angustifolia)除在美国西部多站点发现为未来的研究和注意事项.pdfVIP

Sustainability 2012, 4, 3346-3361; doi:10.3390/su4123346 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Removal in the Western United States: Multi-Site Findings and Considerations for Future Research Margaret Gaddis †,* and Anna Sher Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO 80208, USA † Current address: Colorado Mountain College, Division of Natural Sciences 27900 County Road 319, PO Box 897, Buena Vista, CO 81211, USA. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mgaddis@; Tel.: +1-719-530-7173; Fax: +1-719-395-2173. Received: 3 September 2012; in revised form: 4 December 2012 / Accepted: 11 December 2012 / Published: 14 December 2012 Abstract: Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) is an introduced tree that has become one of the dominant species in many watersheds in the American West. Although it is a target of restoration efforts, very little is known about vegetation response after removal of this exotic species. To address this gap we surveyed 25 sites in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana where E. angustifolia was removed. We collected information regarding plant cover and richness, climate, soil characteristics, management history, and geography. We analyzed these data using regression tree modeling. Our results indicate that moisture and temperature are key environmental factors relating to restoration success as me