生物专业英语蒋悟生编-翻译.docVIP

The?Origin?of?Species 1.How?Biologists?Define?a?Species Modern?biology?generally?define?a?species?as?group?of?actually?or?potentially?interbreeding?populationsthat?is?reproductively?isolated?from?the?such?groups.??Members?of?a?species?can?interbreed?with?each?other,but?they?cannot?breed?with?organisms?belonging?to?another?species.??One?advantage?of?the?standard?ofreproductive?isolation?is?that?it?is?very?precise.??Notice,?however,?that?it?can?only?be?applied?to?organismsthat?reproduce?sexually.??Asexual?reproducers,?including?most?prokaryotes,?many?plants,?and?someanimals,?must?be?classified?into?species?on?the?basis?of?physical?(biochemical?or?morphological)?traits.?? 现代生物学大体将物种定义为实际上的一群或潜在的杂交群体，即从这个群体隔离繁殖的后代。种族中个体可以互相交配，但种间不能。这种繁殖隔离的一个优势是很精确。但仅适用于性繁殖的生物。非性繁殖，包括大多数原核生物，许多植物，某些动物，需要通过自然特征进行归类。 2.Preventing?Gene?Exchange Two?general?types?of?mechanisms?operate?to?block?the?exchange?of?genes?between?individuals?of?relatedgroups.??The?first?general?type?is?made?up?of?prezygotic?isolating?mechanisms?that?prevent?the?formation?ofzygotes.??Prezygotic?isolation?falls?into?two?categories:?ecological?and?behavioral.??In?the?first?case,?tworelated?group?may?become?adapted?to?slightly?different?environments-perhaps?varying?soil?types?or?foodsources.??Over?time,?these?genetic?differences?become?so?great?that?successful?cross-fertilization?can?nolonger?take?place.??In?behavioral?isolation,?related?groups?evolve?differing?behaviors?such?as?specificmating?rituals-that?restrict?the?exchange?of?genes?to?members?of?the?same?group. 两种基因型机制阻碍了相关群体中个体的基因交换。第一种基因型由前合子机械隔离机制阻止合子的生成。前合子隔离分两类：生态学的和行为学的。第一种情况，两个相关群体可能分别适应稍微不同的环境，如土壤类型或食物来源的变化。长时间，这些遗传差异变得很大而很难异体受精。而行为学隔离，相关的群组进化成不同的行为方式，例如，结婚仪式，从而限制了同群成员基因交流。 Sometimes?the?differences?that?produce?prezygotic?isolation?involve?mechanical?isolation.??That?is,mating?is?physically?impossible?between?members?of?different?species?because?genitals?of?males?andfemales?are?structurally?incompatible?or?because?molecules?on?the?surfaces?of?sperm?and?eg