symptoms of diminished autonomy over cigarettes with non-daily use在香烟non-daily使用减少症状的自主权.pdfVIP

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 25-35; doi:10.3390/ijerph6010025 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Article Symptoms of Diminished Autonomy over Cigarettes with Non- Daily Use Judith A. Savageau 1, Paul D. Mowery 2 and Joseph R. DiFranza 1,* 1 Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA; E-Mail: judith.savageau@ 2 Biostatistics, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA; E-mail: moweryp@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +1-508-856-5658; Fax: +1-508-856- 1212; E-mail: difranzj@ Received: 3 November 2008 / Accepted: 20 December 2008 / Published: 23 December 2008 Abstract: Data from a nationally representative sample of smokers (ages 12-22 years, n=2,091) was examined to investigate the prevalence of symptoms of diminished autonomy over cigarettes. Six symptoms were assessed: failed cessation, smoking despite a desire to quit, and a need or urge to smoke, irritability, restlessness, or disrupted concentration attributed to nicotine withdrawal. One or more of the six symptoms were present in 18.9% of subjects who smoked less often than once per week. Among subjects who had not smoked 20 cigarettes