t cell polarization at the virological synapse在病毒学突触t细胞极化.pdfVIP

Viruses 2010, 2, 1261-1278; doi:10.3390/v2061261 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review T Cell Polarization at the Virological Synapse Clare Jolly MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, W1T 4JF, UK; E-Mail: c.jolly@ucl.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-207-679-9558; Fax: +44-207-679-9550 Received: 25 March 2010; in revised form: 20 May 2010 / Accepted: 28 May 2010 / Published: 31 May 2010 + Abstract: Cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1 between CD4 T cells takes place at multimolecular structures called virological synapses. A defining feature of the virological synapse is polarization of viral assembly and budding at sites of T cell-T cell contact. Recent work is beginning to address how viral proteins are targeted to the virological synapse and the molecular mechanisms that regulate HIV-1 egress by cell-to-cell spread. This review discusses our current understanding of these processes and considers how T cell polarization during other forms of intercellular communication may provide insight into HIV-1 assembly and dissemination. Keywords: HIV; T cell; virological synapse; polarization; cytoskeleton; MTOC; secretion 1. Introduction Direct cell-to-cell spread is a mechanism of viral transmission that is utilized by many viruses in order to promote rapid and efficient dissemination between target cells