testing the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for biodiversity risk in the us a spatial econometric approach测试环境库兹涅茨曲线假说对生物多样性的风险在美国空间计量经济学的方法.pdfVIP

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testing the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for biodiversity risk in the us a spatial econometric approach测试环境库兹涅茨曲线假说对生物多样性的风险在美国空间计量经济学的方法.pdf

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testing the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis for biodiversity risk in the us a spatial econometric approach测试环境库兹涅茨曲线假说对生物多样性的风险在美国空间计量经济学的方法

Sustainability 2011, 3, 2182-2199; doi:10.3390/su3112182 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Biodiversity Risk in the US: A Spatial Econometric Approach Justin Tevie *, Kristine M. Grimsrud and Robert P. Berrens Department of Economics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; E-Mails: grimsrud@ (K.M.G.); rberrens@ (R.P.B.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: lga@; Tel.: +1-505-277-5304; Fax: +1-505-277-9445. Received: 30 September 2011; in revised form: 7 November 2011 / Accepted: 8 November 2011 / Published: 16 November 2011 Abstract: This study investigates whether the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship is supported for a measure of biodiversity risk and economic development across the United States (US). Using state-level data for all 48 contiguous states, biodiversity risk is measured using a Modified Index (MODEX). This index is an adaptation of a comprehensive National Biodiversity Risk Assessment Index. The MODEX differs from other measures in that it is takes into account the impact of human activities and conservation measures. The econometric approach includes corrections for spatial autocorrelation effects, which are present in the data. Modeling estimation results do not support the EKC hypothesis for biodiversity risk in the US. This finding is robu