the brain functional networks associated to human and animal suffering differ among omnivores, vegetarians and vegans人类和动物的痛苦相关的脑功能网络在杂食动物不同,素食者和严格的素食主义者.pdfVIP

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the brain functional networks associated to human and animal suffering differ among omnivores, vegetarians and vegans人类和动物的痛苦相关的脑功能网络在杂食动物不同,素食者和严格的素食主义者.pdf

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the brain functional networks associated to human and animal suffering differ among omnivores, vegetarians and vegans人类和动物的痛苦相关的脑功能网络在杂食动物不同,素食者和严格的素食主义者

The Brain Functional Networks Associated to Human and Animal Suffering Differ among Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans 1,2 1 3 4 5 Massimo Filippi *, Gianna Riccitelli , Andrea Falini , Francesco Di Salle , Patrik Vuilleumier , Giancarlo Comi2, Maria A. Rocca1,2 1 Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy, 2 Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute and University Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy, 3 Department of Neuroradiology, Scientific Institute and University Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy, 4 Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 5 University Medical Center of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract Empathy and affective appraisals for conspecifics are among the hallmarks of social interaction. Using functional MRI, we hypothesized that vegetarians and vegans, who made their feeding choice for ethical reasons, might show brain responses to conditions of suffering involving humans or animals different from omnivores. We recruited 20 omnivore subjects, 19 vegetarians, and 21 vegans. The groups were matched for sex and age. Brain activation was investigated using fMRI and an event-related design during observation of negative affective pictures of human beings and animals (showing mutilations, murdered people, human/animal threat, tortures, wounds, etc.). Participants saw negative-valence scenes related to humans and animals, alternating with natural landscapes. During human negative valence scenes,