论1材料导论第一章绪论.pptVIP

材 料 的 分 类 材料尺寸：一维、二维、三维 材料内部原子排布：晶态与非晶态 材料热力学状态：稳态与亚稳态 * 按材料的特性和用途来分 ? 结构材料 以力学性能为基础，用以制造以受力为主的构件。 ? 功能材料 具有能适应外界条件而改变自身性能并具有独特的物理性能、化学性能等的材料，如磁性材料、发光材料、记忆材料、光导材料、超导材料等。 * 金属 （metals) 陶瓷 (ceramics) 聚合物 (polymers) 复合材料(composites) 按材料组成分 (大多教材) * When a scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure , solid material has been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, polymers. (in the textbook) Classification of materials * METALS Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications. * CERAMICS Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass. These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle. * 陶瓷(ceramics) (注意：pottery 陶器） 包括：砖及耐火材料、玻璃、各种绝缘材料和磨料。 共性：强度、硬而脆性、耐高温、耐腐蚀 * POLYMERS Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely flexible. * 包括：橡胶、塑料、合成纤维