the drosophila gap gene network is composed of two parallel toggle switches果蝇基因网络的差距是由两个平行切换开关.pdfVIP

The Drosophila Gap Gene Network Is Composed of Two Parallel Toggle Switches 1 2 Dmitri Papatsenko *, Michael Levine 1 Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, New York, United States of America, 2 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America Abstract Drosophila ‘‘gap’’ genes provide the first response to maternal gradients in the early fly embryo. Gap genes are expressed in a series of broad bands across the embryo during first hours of development. The gene network controlling the gap gene expression patterns includes inputs from maternal gradients and mutual repression between the gap genes themselves. In this study we propose a modular design for the gap gene network, involving two relatively independent network domains. The core of each network domain includes a toggle switch corresponding to a pair of mutually repressive gap genes, operated in space by maternal inputs. The toggle switches present in the gap network are evocative of the phage lambda switch, but they are operated positionally (in space) by the maternal gradients, so the synthesis rates for the competing components change along the embryo anterior-posterior axis. Dynamic model, constructed based on the proposed principle, with elements of fractional site occupancy, required 5–7 parameters to fit quantitative spatial expression data for gap gradients. The identified model solutions (parameter combinations) reproduced major dynamic features of the gap gradient system and explained gap expression in a variety of segmentation mutants. Citation: Papatsenko D, Levine M (2011) The Drosophila Gap Gene Network Is Composed of Two Parallel Toggle Switches. PL