the spread of fecally transmitted parasites in socially-structured populations粪便传播寄生虫socially-structured人群的传播.pdfVIP

The Spread of Fecally Transmitted Parasites in Socially- Structured Populations 1 2 3 4 Charles L. Nunn *, Peter H. Thrall , Fabian H. Leendertz , Christophe Boesch 1 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2 CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia, 3 Research Group Emerging Zoonoses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany, 4 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany Abstract Mammals are infected by a wide array of gastrointestinal parasites, including parasites that also infect humans and domesticated animals. Many of these parasites are acquired through contact with infectious stages present in soil, feces or vegetation, suggesting that ranging behavior will have a major impact on their spread. We developed an individual-based spatial simulation model to investigate how range use intensity, home range overlap, and defecation rate impact the spread of fecally transmitted parasites in a population composed of social groups (i.e., a socially structured population). We also investigated the effects of epidemiological parameters involving host and parasite mortality rates, transmissibility, disease– related mortality, and group size. The model was spatially explicit and involved the spillover of a gastrointestinal parasite from a reservoir population along the edge of a simulated reserve, which was designed to mimic the introduction pathogens into protected areas. Animals ranged randomly within a ‘‘core’’ area, with biased movement toward the range center when outside the core. We systematically varied model parameters using a Latin hypercube sampling design. Analyses of s