the synthesis and natural distribution of the major ketone constituents in echinacea pallida的合成和天然分布主要在紫锥菊pallida酮成分.pdfVIP

Molecules 2007, 12, 406-414 molecules ISSN 1420-3049 Full Paper The Synthesis and Natural Distribution of the Major Ketone Constituents in Echinacea pallida George A. Kraus 1,*, Jaehoon Bae 1, Lankun Wu 2 and Eve Wurtele 2 1 Iowa State University Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Tel. +1 515-294-7794; Fax: +1 515-294-0105; 2 Iowa State University Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Ames, IA 50011, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: gakraus@ Received: 8 February 2007; in revised form: 7 March 2007 / Accepted: 7 March 2007 / Published: 10 March 2007 Abstract: The first synthesis of a series of ketones naturally occurring in E. pallida is described. The natural distribution of these ketones among different Echinacea species is also reported. Keywords: Echinacea, synthesis, diaetylenic ketones . Introduction Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea are the main medicinal Echinacea species and have long been used to treat infections, aid in wound healing, and enhance the immune system [1]. In 2005, Echinacea products ranked among the top botanical supplements sold in the United States. In recent years, treatment of rhinoviruses has been the focus of several studies, a number of which have failed to show the efficacy of Echinacea [2]. Commercial Echinacea products often are mixtures of the three main medicinal species and there is no regulation of the concentrations of the chemical constituents. Among the chemical constituents of Echinacea species, the alkamides, the ketones, caffeic acid derivatives such as chicoric acid and the polyphe