TEM 专题讲座之人文知识.pptVIP

TEM-8 General Knowledge Linguistics: the study of language The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics 语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学，语用学 Phonetics The study of the phonetic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Three branches: Articulatory Phonetics, Auditory Phonetics, Acoustic Phonetics 发音语言学，听觉语言学，声学语言学（the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear） Phonology Aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication 注意，语音学着重语音的自然属性，是音位学的基础；音位学强调语音的社会功能。 Phone, phoneme, suprasegmental phonology Phone: 音素 a phonetic unit or segment. Phoneme: 音位 a phonological unit Suprasegmental phonology: 超音位 including stress (重音), tone（音调） and intonation（语调） Morphology Refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Morpheme(词素)：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning. Free morphemes 自由词素，可以独立出现，独立成次词 Bound morphemes 粘着词素，不可独立成词，必须与其它语素一起出现 ?stem, root, inflection Stem: 词干，可以附加词缀的词素或词素群 Root：词根 Affixes: 词缀 （prefix, suffix） Inflection：屈折变化，通过增加曲折词缀的方式表现语法关系 Syntax A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences Semantics The study of meaning in language. Synonymy? Polysemy? Homophones? Homographs? Complete homonyms? Hyponymy?Antonymy? Synonymy 同义关系 Polysemy 一次多义 Homophones 同音异义 Homographs 同形异义 Complete homonyms 同行同音异义 Hyponymy 上下义关系 Antonymy 反义关系 Pragmatics The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Topics studied in pragmatics: deixis 指示, speech acts 言语行为，indirect language 间接语言， conversation 会话， politeness 礼貌， cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际, and presupposition 前提 1. The study of ___ does not form the core of linguistics. A. syntax