2015清北生物系统学 - 副本.ppt

* 鞭毛（flagellum）：细菌体表的细长、波曲的丝状附属物为鞭毛，数目为一到数十根，功能是运动。 检查：电子显微镜直接观察，经鞭毛染色后在光学显微镜下观察，观察暗视野中水浸片或悬滴中运动着的细菌，半固体培养基穿刺接种观察，观察平板菌落形状。构造：阳性菌鞭毛的基体由S、M两个环组成，阴性菌鞭毛的基体由L、P、S、M四个环组成，环中央有鞭毛杆（rod）串插着，鞭毛杆外侧联接一个钩形鞘（hook），其上长有一条长约10~20μm的鞭毛丝（filament）。鞭毛丝一般是由三股鞭毛蛋白链呈螺旋、平行或中间方式紧密结合组成的。幻灯片047.049.050 示细菌鞭毛的基粒构造。着生方式：弧菌、螺菌、假单胞菌和部分杆菌有鞭毛，个别球菌也有鞭毛，如Planococcus（动性球菌属）。（幻灯片044.045.046.051）一根：霍乱弧菌（Vibrio cholerae），蛭弧菌（Bdellovibrio spp.），一端生 缺陷假单胞菌（Pseudomonas diminuta）等端生 一束：荧光假单胞菌（P.fluorescens）等两端生 一根：鼠咬热螺旋体（Spirochaeta mosusmuris）等一束：红色螺菌（Spirillum rubrum），蔓延螺菌（S.serpens）等鞭毛着 生方式 肠杆菌科：大肠杆菌，伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhi），奇异变形杆菌周生 （Proteus mirabilis）等芽孢杆菌科：枯草杆菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌（Chroteridium acetobutylicum）等?侧生：反刍月形单胞菌（Selenomonas ruminantium）?运动速度：（幻灯片052.053）一般每秒20~80μm，例如Pseudomonas aeruginosa（铜绿假单胞菌）每秒可移动55μm，是其自身体长的20~30倍。应用意义：分类鉴定。 ◆a. Flagellum Made of the protein flagellin and consists of a filament and basal region. The basal region has a hook and a basal body which has a rod and rings. Gram positive organisms have 2 rings, one in the cell wall and one in the cell membrane. Gram negative organisms have 4 rings, 2 in the cell wall and 2 in the cell membrane. ▼FLAGELLA are the final structures that passes through the cell wall. Flagella are long, rigid protein rods that provide movement to many motile bacteria. At their base is a MOTOR that is driven by a flow of PROTONS from the outside of the cell inward; much like a turbine in a dam is driven by the flow of water through it. The number and arrangement of flagella on a cell is part of its GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS and is used to describe each species. In lab #exercises #1 & 2 you will observe bacteria swimming through your wet mounts and you will see a laser disk animation of the RUN 'n TUMBLE movement of bacteria. In #exercise #7 you will use a soft-agar medium to determine if a cell is motile or not. Can you draw a picture of how a motile bacteria would look 24 hours