第二章孔德.pptVIP

第二课 孔 德 实证主义社会学的创始人 August Comte and his positivism sociology 本章学习要点(main points) ●“实证”一词的含义 (what is “positivism”) ●“三阶段论”的主要思想 (the main points of the three stages) ●社会静力学的基本内容 The contents of the social statics ●社会动力学的基本内容 The contents of the social dynamics ●社会学的研究方法 The methods about the sociology Biographical Sketch and Works In 1798,Auguste Comte was born in Montpelier,France.. his parents were middle class and his father was a tax collector of the local agent. In 1812,he became a student of the Ecole Polytechnique(巴黎综合技术学校).but he and his whole class were dismissed from the School for their rebelliousness and their political ideas in 1816. In 1817 he became a secretary and “adopted son” to Claude Henri Saint-Simon . in 1824 they had a raging out because Comte believed that Saint-Simon wanted to omit his name from one of his contributions. In 1825,He married Caroline Massin(卡罗列娜．马森) ,in 1842 they divorced. In 1826,he was begaining to concoct(编造)the Positivism philosophy scheme. In 1830,he worked on the six-volume work for which he is best known ,Cours de Philosophic Positive,which was finally published in its entirety in 1842. In 1844,he made friendship with a lady named 克洛蒂尔德． In 1851,he had completed the four-volume Systeme de Politique Positive. in 1857, he was died. 一、“实证”一词的含义 (what is “positivism”)  所谓“实证的”，就是要探寻自然界和人类社会的永恒不变的规律． Positivism: it is usually used to mean the search for invariant laws of both the natural and the social world. 这种规律可以通过对人类社会的经验调查中获得，也可来自于对世界的理论思考． The invariable laws can be derived from doing research on the social world or from theorizing about the world. 学科的排位（hierarchy of the sciences) 二、三阶段论(three stages) 1.神学阶段（The Theological Stage） 2.形而上学阶段（The Metaphysical Stage） 3.实证阶段（The Positivistic Stage） 　　1.The Theological Stage（before 13c) 1、神学阶段——世界的根源是什么？（最低阶段） 　　在这个阶段，神学占统治地位，人类解释各种现象的存在，都归因于超自然的存在物。在这一阶段人类智力的特征是：自由幻想，寻找事物现象的根源，探索万物的内在本质，追究事物的最后原因，即要求获得绝对的知识