化学平衡-NationalTaiwanUniversity.PDF

Chemical Equilibria Chemical Equilibria 第六章 化學平衡 Jwu-Ting Chen 陳竹亭 Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan 106, jtchen@ntu.edu.tw Definition Static State — A state that can be detected or measured 物質的穩定態:物質可以明確偵測或量度的狀態 Chemical Equilibrium — The state in which the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time. 化學平衡 :反應物與生成物的濃度守恆不變的狀態 Complete reaction and quantitative conversion 完全反應:化學反應的反應物完全轉換成產物或是 剩餘的限量試劑量少到可忽略不計 Dynamic Equilibrium Although the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant with time at chemical equilibrium, as the reaction has stopped, equilibrium is absolutely not static. As a matter of fact, the forward reaction and the backward reaction are both going on in the microscopic world, but reach the same rates. 化學平衡時反應並非靜止，事實上微觀世界的正逆 反應都在持續進行，只是反應速率相同 Dimerization of NO2 2 NO2(g) N O 2 4(g) Water-Gas Shift Reaction H O + CO H + CO 2 (g) (g) 2(g) 2(g) Reaction Rate vs. Time 平衡時正逆向反應速率相同 H O + CO H + CO 2 (g) (g) 2(g) 2(g) Harber Process of Ammonia Synthesis哈伯法製氨 N + 3 H 2 NH 2(g) 2(g) 3(g) Harber Process of Ammonia Synthesis哈伯法製氨 The reaction requires vigorous conditions and catalysts. 反應需要使用催化劑在高溫高壓下進行 The reaction cannot reach to completion. 反應無法達到完全的程度 The concentration of H2 drops faster than does the nitrogen. 反應達到平衡前，氫氣消耗的速率較氮氣快 The concentrations of N , H , and NH