讲义四Syntax.pptx

讲义四Syntax;SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language , or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. 句法研究的是语言中不同成分组合句子的支配规则，或者句子结构中各要素间的相互关系。 ;The Traditional Approach The Structural Approach The Generative Approach The Functional Approach;I.Traditional approachThe types of sentence;;;;;Language types;Sentence patterns/types in English;;;Categories范畴 It refers to the defining properties of grammatical units 甄别性特点 The categories of the noun, include number, gender, case and countability; 名词的范畴包括数、性、格和可数性； The categories of the verb, for example, person, tense, aspect, mood, voice, etc. 动词范畴则含有人称、时、体、式、态等。;1).Word-level categories;2).Phrase-level categories;;Which of the following items is Not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? A gender B number C case D voice Answer: D;____is Not a grammatical category of English verbs? A tense B aspect C number D gender Answer: D;Number;;In English, the gender distinctions are____ A not related to real world entities B on the whole natural C divided into Feminine, Masculine and neuter D divided into Feminine and Masculine Answer: B;Case;Tense;Aspect;The relation between the determiner “this” and the noun “man” is____ A government B concord C binding D paradigmatic Answer: B;Concord Government;II.Structuralism;Syntactic Relation;Relation ob substituability/Paradigmatic relation: it refers to the relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the other absent. It is also called associative relation, vertical relation or choice relation. The ______is smiling. Constraints: - -- an animate noun（book, desk ） --- a semantic component of human（trees , cats ） --- in the singular（boys , men）;Expressions like “Tom” or “He” can both be filled in the blank of the sentence “____is smiling.” So Tom and He hav