第五讲普通混凝土.docVIP

第章：其中:理论课学时:；实验学时: 学时:。普通混凝土组成材料配合比设计普通混凝土组成材料的作用基本要求、品种选择主要技术性质外加剂常用品种、作用机理和应用熟练掌握水泥混凝土拌合物的和易性概念及选择，影响和易性的主要因素、和易性测定方法。掌握水泥混凝土强度与强度等级、强度公式、主要影响因素、提高的强度措施。掌握混凝土的配合比设计原理步骤与方法。了解混凝土的耐久性。。 本章重点内容包括混凝土组成材料技术性质；混凝土和易性、强度及耐久性的概念、指标及实验方法、影响因素及改善措施；混凝土配合比设计的原理、步骤及方法。本章难点为影响混凝土和易性强度因素。 § 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 What is Concrete? Concrete is defined as a composite material which consists essentially of a binding medium of embedded particles or aggregate fragments. In Portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of Portland cement and water. Asphalt and other cements are used to make various types of concrete, but commonly the term concrete refers to Portland cement concrete. 5.1.2 Origin of Concrete Concrete can be dated back to Rome palace. In the 1980s’, the 100m3 concrete was excavated in Dadiwan of Qin, an county of Gansu province 5000 years ago in Neolithic age. 5.1.3 Widely usages Concrete is used exclusively for foundations of buildings, bridges, and other structures. It is used in dams, canals, aqueducts, and other structures to control and divert water. It is used in highways, streets, pavements, and sidewalks; thus, it is a major material in the transportation industry. Concrete is of such importance that almost every civil engineering structure uses concrete in some form. Materials to make Portland cement and concrete are clean, abundant and non strategic, for they can be obtained from the earth. Concrete may become more important in the future as the supply of strategic materials becomes exhausted. 5.1.4 Classification of Concrete 1. In Portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of Portland cement and water. Asphalt and other cements are used to make various types of concrete, but commonly the term “concrete” refers to Portland cement concrete. 2. By apparent density, concrete includes three types: Heavy concrete: ρ0＞2600hielding materials of atomic energy engineering; Normal concrete: ρ0=2000-2500 in several bearing structure; Lightweight Concrete: ρ