高考化学——怎样确定有机物的同分异构体数目（Chemistry in college entrance examination -- how to determine the number of isomers of organic matter）.docVIP

高考化学——怎样确定有机物的同分异构体数目（Chemistry in college entrance examination -- how to determine the number of isomers of organic matter） How do you determine the number of isomers of an organic compound? In general, the known molecular formula to determine the number of isomers, only need to write the carbon skeleton, without having to write all the hydrogen atom; known simple structure to determine the number of isomers, is available with the Arabia arrows or digital representation, without having to type out the structure; it can save a lot of time. To determine whether the two structures are identical to each other, the first is to see whether the molecular formula is equal, and then see if the structure is different. 1. Equivalent hydrogen method The determination of the number of substituents in hydrocarbons is essentially the number of hydrogen atoms at different positions. The equivalent hydrogen method can be used to judge. The three principle of determining equivalent hydrogen is that: The hydrogen atom on the same carbon atom is equivalent; as in the methane, the 4 hydrogen atoms are equal. The same methyl group on the same carbon atom is equivalent to the 12 hydrogen atoms in the 4 methyl groups of the new pentane. The hydrogen atom in the symmetry position is equivalent. If 6 hydrogen atoms are equal in ethane, the 24 hydrogen atoms on 2,2,3,3 - four butane are equal, and the 6 hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are equivalent. Before determining the isomer, it is necessary to find the symmetry surface and determine the equivalent hydrogen, so as to determine the number of isomers. Example 1: a chlorine substitute of the following organic substance, equal to the number of isomers Analysis: first, the symmetrical surface is determined: one and the other are symmetrical; the second and the third have mirror symmetry, and only half of them can be seen. Then, whether there are even several methyl in the same carbon atom: two methyl in a carbon 1, six hydrogen atoms in t