气象科学的发展与时间观变革的初步探索.pdfVIP

气象科技 进展 气象科学的发展与时间观变革的初步探索 叶梦姝 （中国气象局气象干部培训学院，北京 100081） 摘要：科学技术的发展往往受到特定社会环境与观念的影响。从科学社会学的角度来看，气象科技史的发展和时间观念 变革关系密切。通过分析古代社会的循环时间观、工业社会的线性时间观中，人类对天气、气候现象不同的认识规律， 将历史不同时期的时间观念与大气科学发展特点、气象业务开展情况对应起来；以19世纪天气图的绘制、气候内涵的演 变、现代社会对天气预报的强烈需求、人类对待天气和气候的态度这四个事件为例，阐述气象科技内史及其背后所隐含 的时间观；分析了20世纪之后大气科学研究中对时间性的强调，以及对时间性问题的处理方式。 关键词：科学史，科学哲学，气象，时间观 DOI：10.3969/j.issn.2095-1973.2014.06.007 On Relationship Between History of Meteorology and Ideas of Time Ye Mengshu (CMA Training Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081) Abstract: As we know, scientific knowledge of a certain discipline developes in corresponding with social ideas. This paper tries to figure out the relationship between the development of Meteorology and the ideas of Time from a historical perspective of Sociology of Science. It compared the differential weather cognition with weather service under cyclical time conception and linear time conception; the paper analyzed how revolution of social ideas interacted with the scientific progress by recalling four iconic events in the history of meteorology, including the graphing of first weather map, the emergence of modern climatology, booming demand of weather forecast, and the rotational appearance of optimistic/pessimistic attitude among the general public; the essay finally elucidates the emphasis of timeliness in both physics and meteorology in 20th century and how the scientists delt with the nonlinearity and complexity when they attempted to imitate the motion in the physical world. Keywords: history of science, philosophy of science, meteorology, ideas of time 1 引言 对于大气科学来说，影响其发展的物质因素主要 科学知识社会学的基本问题是科学是如何发展起 有观测技术、信息与计算技术、观测