第二节 脂肪及分解代谢.pptVIP

2乙酰CoA 乙酰乙酰CoA 乙酰CoA 乙酰乙酸 HMGCoA D(-)-β-羟丁酸 丙酮 乙酰乙酰CoA 琥珀酰CoA 琥珀酸 2乙酰CoA 酮体的生成和利用的总示意图 3. 酮体生成的生理意义 酮体是肝脏输出能源的一种形式。并且酮体可通过血脑屏障，是脑组织的重要能源。 酮体利用的增加可减少葡萄糖的利用，有利于维持血糖水平恒定。 酮体利用的增加可节省蛋白质的消耗。 4. 酮体生成的调节 饱食及饥饿的影响（主要通过激素的作用） 饱 食 胰岛素↑ 脂肪动员↓ 进入肝的脂肪酸↓ 脂肪酸β氧化↓ 酮体生成↓ 饥饿 胰高血糖素、脂解激素↑ 脂肪动员↑ 进入肝的脂肪酸↑ 脂肪酸β氧化↑ 酮体生成↑ 酮体的生成和运输 禁食第一周血浆中脂肪酸、葡萄糖 及酮体的浓度变化 奶牛酮病(ketosis) 常见于高产奶牛 反刍动物葡萄糖的来源？ 精料多，粗纤维不足 治疗？ 小结 脂肪的动员 甘油的分解 脂肪酸的分解代谢：β- 氧化、α- 氧化、ω- 氧化 酮体的生成与利用 Processing of dietary lipids in vertebrates. Digestion and absorption of dietary lipids occur in the small intestine, and the fatty acids released from triacylglycerols are packaged and delivered to muscle and adipose tissues. * * * Figure 16.24 Triacylglycerol degradation in adipocytes. Epinephrine initiates the activation of protein kinase A, which catalyzes the phosphorylation and activation of hormone-sensitive lipase. The lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids. The hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols is catalyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase. To overcome the relative stability of the C-C bonds in a fatty acid, the carboxyl group at C-1 is activated by attachment to coenzyme A, which allows stepwise oxidation of the fatty acyl group at the C-3, or β, position—hence the name βoxidation. * * FIGURE 17–6 Fatty acid entry into mitochondria via the acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter. After fatty acyl–carnitine is formed at the outer membrane or in the intermembrane space, it moves into the matrix by facilitated diffusion through the transporter in the inner membrane.In the matrix, the acyl group is transferred to mitochondrial coenzyme A, freeing carnitine to return to the intermembrane space through the same transporter. Acyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, the first intermediate in fatty acid synthesis (see Fig. 21–1). This inhibition prevents the simultaneous synthesis and degradation of fatty acids. * Figure 16.21 Carnitine shuttle system for t