意识-2015.pdf

心理、意识及有关状态 Mind, consciousness and alternate states 同济大学医学院 诸秉根 binggen.zhu@tongji.edu.cn Mind （心理、心灵、心智或神智） • A mind is the set of cognitive faculties that enables consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement , and memory—a characteristic of humans, but which also may apply to other life forms. 2 The nature of mind (1) • The main question regarding the nature of mind is its relation to the physical brain and nervous system – a question which is often framed as the mind-body problem, which considers whether mind is somehow separate from physical existence (dualism and idealism), or the mind is identical with the brain or some activity of the brain, deriving from and/or reducible to physical phenomena such as neuronal activity (physicalism). 3 4 The nature of mind (2) • Whatever its relation to the physical body it is generally agreed that mind is that which enables a being to have subjective awareness and intentionality towards their environment, to perceive and respond to stimuli with some kind of agency(机构）, and to have consciousness, including thinking and feeling. 5 Mind: popular usage • In popular usage, mind is frequently synonymous with thought: the private conversation with ourselves that we carry on “inside our heads.” Thus we “make up our minds,” “change our minds” or are “of two minds” about something. • One of the key attributes of the mind in this sense is that it is a private sphere to which no one but the owner has access. No on