【素材】Unit 1 文档1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak（人教）.docVIP

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【素材】Unit 1 文档1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak（人教）.doc

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【素材】Unit 1 文档1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak（人教）

1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Broadwick Street showing the John Snow memorial and pub The 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street (now renamed Broadwick Street) in Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for John Snows discovery that cholera is spread by contaminated water. Background In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools of nightsoil underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. This caused massive water contamination and led to the cholera outbreak. Outbreak On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had already occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera struck Soho. Dr Snow later called it the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom. Over the next three days 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area. By 10 September, 500 people had died and the mortality rate was 12.8 percent in some parts of the city. By the end of the outbreak 616 people died. John Snow Investigation Original map by Dr. John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that diseases such as cholera or the Black Death were caused by pollution or a noxious form of bad air. The germ theory was not widely accepted by this time, so Snow was unaware of the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted, but evidence led him to believe that it was not due to breathing foul air. He first publicized his theory in an essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera in 1849. In 1855 a second edition was published, with a much more elaborate investigation o