细胞信号通路(Cell Signaling).ppt

* * * * * * * * * * For example, after the?epidermal growth factor (EGF)?receptor binds with its ligand EGF, two receptors dimerize and then undergo?phosphorylation?of the tyrosine?residues in the enzyme portion of each receptor molecule, which will activate the tyrosine protein kinase?and catalyze further intracellular reactions. Ion channel-linked receptor Ion-channels (including cation-channels and anion-channels) themselves and constitute a large family of multipass transmembrane proteins. They are involved in rapid signaling events most generally found in electrically excitable cells such as?neurons. Opening and closing of Ion channels are controlled by?neurotransmitters. Second messengers Messenger Source Effect Hydrophilic second messengers cAMP Adenylyl cyclase Activates protein kinases cGMP Guanylyl cyclase Activates protein kinases Regulates ion channels and phosphodiesterases IP3 PLC action on PI Activates Ca2+ channels Ca2+ Ion channels in ER and plasma membrane Activates protein kinases Activates Ca2+-modulated proteins Hydrophobic second messengers DAG PLC action on PI Activates protein kinase C Phosphatidic acid Membrane component and product of PLD Activates Ca2+ channels Inhibits adenylyl cyclase Ceramide PLC action on sphingomyelin Activates protein kinases Gases NO NO synthase Activates guanylyl cyclase Relaxes smooth muscle CO Heme oxygenase 1 and 2 Regulate inflammatory responses IP3 is inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; PLC is phospholipase C; PLD is phospholipase D; PI is phosphatidylinositol; DAG is diacylglycerol; NO is nitric oxide; CO is carbon monoxide. Signaling molecules such as hormones activates membrane bound receptor Second messenger activates intercellular process G-protein is activated and produces effect Effector stimulates the formation second messenger The production/release and destruction of these second messengers can be localized, enabling the cell to limit space and time of signal activity. The signal can be amplified at