武汉大学分子考研本科生教学ppt2008chapter17.ppt

* 6-2. In Drosophila, HP1 recognizes Methylated Histones and Condense Chromatin. Topic 6: Gene “Silencing” by Modification of Histones and DNA 在果蝇中，HP1蛋白识别甲基化的组蛋白和浓缩的染色质。 HP1 protein is a component of heterochromatin in Drosophila that binds to methylated residue in histone H3. Such a histone modification is produced by Su(Var)3-9. Different types of modification at the histones can be involved in distinct geene regulation. What will happen when multiple forms of modification occur? A “Histone Code” hypothesis. Box 17-4 Is there a histone code? According to this idea, different patterns of modification on histone tails can be “read” to mean different things. The “meaning” would be the result of the direct effects of these modifications on chromatin density and form. But in addition, the particular pattern of modifications at any given location would recruit specific proteins. * 6-3. DNA Methylation Is Associated with Silenced Genes in Mammlian cells. Topic 6: Gene “Silencing” by Modification of Histones and DNA DNA甲基化与哺乳动物细胞的沉默基因相关联。【注DNA甲基化不是组蛋白甲基化】 Some mammalian genes are kept silent by methylation of nearby DNA sequences. Large regions of mammalian genome are marked by methylation of DNA sequences, which is often seen in heterochromatic regions. [Why?] The methylated DNA sequences are often recognized by DNA-binding proteins (such as MeCP2) that recruit histone decetylases and histone methylases, which then modify nearby chromatin. Thus, methylation of DNA can mark sites where heterochromatin subsequently forms (Fig. 17-25). Fig. 17-25 Switching a gene off through DNA methylation and the subsequent histone modification DNA methylation lies at the heart of Imprinting Imprinting- in a diploid cell, one copy of a gene from the father or mother is expressed while the other copy is silenced. Two well-studied examples: human H19 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) genes. * Figure 17-26 Imprinting Enhancer: activate both gene transcription ICR: an i